Margins and Mainstreams: Recentering Women
"Those socially defined attributions of gender and gender relations were presented to women as 'virtues', like women's bound feet, a practice begun during the Sung dynasty were deified as paragons of feminine beauty and worshiped in cults of the 'golden lotus' and 'golden lily.' Throughout her life, the ideal woman was subject to her father as a child, her husband when married, and her sons when widowed, and she was taught the four virtues: first, a woman should know her place in the universe and behave in compliance with the natural order of things; second. she should guard her words and not chatter too much or bore others; third, she must be clean and adorn herself to please men; and fourth, she should not shirk from her household duties.
As for the cult of the "golden lotus", the poet felt adequate when confronted with the matchless beauty of bound feet:
Anointed with fragrance, she takes lotus steps;
Though often sad, she steps with swift lightness,
She dances like the wind, leaving no physical trace...
Look at them in the palm of your hand,
So wondrously small that they defy description.
There was a saying, "for every pair of bound feet a bucket full of tears."

 




